Stellar is both a distributed payments network focused on fast and affordable cross-border transactions and a platform for hosting ICOs. Founded in 2014, the Stellar network also has its own digital currency unit, the Lumen (XLM), which is essential for making international payments and conducting quick transactions between different currencies.
If you want to know how Stellar works, the benefits it offers to users and why Lumens have become one of the world’s top 10 cryptocurrencies by market cap at the time of writing, this guide will run you through everything you need to know.
Stellar is a decentralised platform designed to make it fast, easy and affordable for users to transfer assets all around the world. Designed to connect banks, payment systems and people, Stellar allows you to “move money across borders quickly, reliably, and for fractions of a penny.” In short, it wants to make cross-border payments quicker, cheaper and more secure than they are using current banking and remittance systems.
However, the Stellar network also acts as a platform for the launch of ICOs. Mobius Network, Smartlands and SureRemit are a few of the projects that have either held or are planning to run ICOs on Stellar.
Lumens are the native asset of the Stellar network. When the network was launched in 2014, 100 billion lumens (originally called stellars) were created, with an annual inflation rate of 1%.
Lumens serve two purposes:
Stellar provides a wide range of services that you’d expect from your normal bank, but with a couple of key differences.
Transactions are carried out on a decentralised network, with much lower fees and faster processing times than you can get from a traditional bank. Payments can be processed within 2-5 seconds, exchanging one currency for another is fairly straightforward, and the network’s fees are infinitesimally small – a single 600,000th of a cent per transaction.
And all these services are provided with a different approach to many other crypto projects. While a lot of popular projects are focused on corporate partnerships and profits, Stellar has the noble goal of achieving a more inclusive digital economy.
By connecting people around the world to low-cost financial services, Stellar says it plans to “fight poverty and maximise individual potential”.
The Stellar Development Foundation, also known as stellar.org, is a non-profit corporation with a mission to promote global financial access, literacy and inclusion by expanding worldwide access to low-cost financial services.
In pursuit of its ambitious mission, stellar.org has the job of ensuring that 95% of all Lumens are distributed to the world. The foundation’s operations are funded in part by 5% of the initially created Lumens, which are periodically auctioned off on various exchanges. The remaining 95% will be distributed as follows:
As of May 2018, more than 8.1 billion Lumens had been given away.
Any examination of Stellar inevitably draws comparisons to Ripple, the top five (by market cap) cryptocurrency and payment network that’s widely seen as Stellar’s main competitor. Jeb McCaleb founded both projects, and both projects share a number of similarities.
However, there are also some key differences between the two platforms. From a philosophical standpoint, while Ripple has largely focused on securing partnerships with major banks and financial institutions, Stellar has focused on global financial literacy and inclusion.
From a technical standpoint, while the two projects originally shared a decent amount of code, that’s no longer the case. Stellar’s payment protocol, Stellar Core, uses the Stellar Consensus Protocol algorithm, which relies on a consensus model called Federated Byzantine Agreement. Meanwhile, Ripple’s protocol uses a proof-of-correctness consensus mechanism which, according to its white paper, “is applied every few seconds by all nodes, in order to maintain the correctness and agreement of the network”.
For more details on how the two projects differ, take a look at the table below.
| Stellar | Ripple | |
|---|---|---|
| Date established | 30 July 2014 | 1 January 2012 |
| Total supply | 100 billion XLM initially (approx. 103.9 billion XLM as of May 2018 due to inflation) | 100 billion XRP |
| Inflationary? | Yes, increases at a rate of 1% per year | No, decreases based on variable burn rate |
| Consensus mechanism | Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP) | Proof of Correctness (PoC) |
| Transaction time | 2-5 seconds | 4 seconds |
| Programming language | C/C++, JavaScript, GO | C/C++, JavaScript, Java, GO |
| Target market | Individuals | Financial institutions |
Stellar’s distributed network comprises servers running the Stellar Core software, each maintained by different people and organisations. Stellar Core maintains a local copy of the network ledger and communicates and syncs with other Stellar Core servers on the network.
While currencies like bitcoin are based on mining, Stellar is based on a consensus algorithm known as the Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP). This protocol provides a way to reach consensus without relying on a closed system to accurately record financial transactions. According to Stellar, it’s the “first provably safe consensus mechanism that simultaneously enjoys four key properties: decentralised control, low latency, flexible trust and asymptotic security”.
Before you can interact with the Stellar network, you will first need to create an account. Each account has a public key and a secret seed, and public key cryptography is used to ensure the security of transactions.
The next step is to upload funds to an anchor on the Stellar network. An anchor is an entity that you trust to hold your deposit and issue virtual credit into your account on the Stellar network. These anchors act as a bridge between existing currencies and the network, and most anchors are entities like banks, savings institutions and remittance companies.
Once you’ve uploaded your funds to an anchor, you can then send a near-instant transfer on the network.
The image below demonstrates how a request for currency “A” at one anchor is facilitated through the network of anchors, despite each anchor dealing in a different currency, and is settled in mere seconds.
Jed McCaleb and Joyce Kim founded Stellar in 2014. McCaleb is a programmer credited with creating bitcoin exchange Mt Gox and the eDonkey file sharing network. He was also one of the co-founders of Ripple. However, due to a difference of opinion and philosophy with the rest of the Ripple team, McCaleb left Ripple to form Stellar.
Other key players on the Stellar team include chief scientist David Mazières, a professor of computer science at Stanford University, and CTO Nicolas Barry.
Establishing strategic partnerships is a key way that platforms like Stellar can encourage widespread adoption and growth. The following are some of Stellar’s significant partnerships:
In a January 2018 blog post looking back at 2017, Stellar included the following table outlining the partnerships it had created in the previous 12 months:
| Region | Number of new partnerships | Notable partners |
|---|---|---|
| Africa | 6 | SureRemit, Flutterwave |
| Asia Pacific | 8 | KlickEx, Novatti |
| Europe | 3 | TEMPO, SatoshiPay, EXCH.one |
| Persian Gulf | 5 | Bahrain Finance Company (BFC) |
| Americas | 4 | B&T Corredora, Remitr |
Stellar’s 2018 roadmap lists two main goals:
While there are plenty of opportunities for Stellar in the months and years ahead, there are also some key challenges that Stellar will need to overcome. One of those will be its competition with Ripple, which has a long list of big-name partners and significant financial backing. Although the two projects are based on different ideologies, they’re still working in the same field.
As an ICO platform, Stellar will be going against Ethereum, which boasts the world’s second-largest cryptocurrency, Ether (ETH), and has hosted an extensive list of ICOs. Whether Stellar can compete with its bigger rivals and achieve mainstream adoption remains to be seen.
Another issue to be aware of is simply the fact that Stellar is based on an altruistic ethos. With a goal of promoting financial inclusion and backed by a non-profit foundation, Stellar doesn’t have the same focus on delivering maximum profits as some other projects. As a result, it may not deliver the same astronomical price rises that the buyers of some other coins and tokens have enjoyed.
Stellar is an interesting project that’s attracting plenty of attention throughout the cryptosphere. While it does face stiff competition, it has a wide range of use cases and offers several impressive features. In particular, its relationship with IBM and its growing list of partners around the globe could lead to a bright future.
However, make sure you carry out your own balanced assessment of what the future holds for Stellar before deciding whether you should buy any XLM.
Disclosure: At the time of writing the author holds IOTA and XLM.
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