A traditional individual retirement account (IRA) is an investment account that offers tax benefits to retirement savers. These accounts are available to anyone with earned income, regardless if they have a workplace retirement plan, but they have some limitations and restrictions.
Read on to learn more about traditional IRAs, how they work and how to open one of these retirement accounts.
A traditional IRA is a type of IRA that lets you delay taxes on money you save for retirement. Your contributions and any earnings you make on your investments over time are tax-deferred, meaning you don’t pay taxes on this money until you begin taking withdrawals in retirement. Since taxes are delayed, traditional IRAs may be ideal if you think you’ll be in a lower-income tax bracket at retirement.
The traditional IRA also offers retirement savers an upfront tax benefit in the form of a tax deduction. Traditional IRA contributions are tax-deductible in the year in which the contributions are made. So if you contribute $3,000 to a traditional IRA in 2024, you may be able to deduct $3,000 from your taxes when you file in 2025. Allowable deductions vary depending on your income and whether you contribute to a retirement plan at work.
A traditional IRA operates as a tax-advantaged investment account, offering tax benefits as you invest in assets such as stocks, bonds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and mutual funds. Banks, brokerage firms and other financial institutions approved by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to custody IRA assets can offer traditional IRAs, and anyone with earned income can open and fund one of these accounts.
Contributions to a traditional IRA may be tax-deductible in the year in which you contribute. The amount you can deduct varies depending on your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) and whether you’re covered by a retirement plan at work.
The IRS sets the IRA contribution limits each year. IRA contribution limits are subject to an annual cost-of-living (COLA) adjustment. In 2024, you can contribute up to $7,000 to an IRA. Contributions over the limit set by the IRS are considered excess contributions and can result in a 6% yearly tax on the excess amounts left in your account. You have up until the due date of your tax return to withdraw excess contributions.
Come retirement, traditional IRA withdrawals are subject to ordinary income tax. Withdrawals before the age of 59 and a half are subject to both income taxes and a 10% early-withdrawal penalty.
Anyone with earned income can open and contribute to a traditional IRA. There are no age or income limits.
However, the IRS does limit the amount of your IRA contributions that you can deduct each year depending on whether you’re covered by a retirement plan at work.
If you’re covered by a workplace retirement plan:
If you’re not covered by a workplace retirement plan, you can deduct the full amount of your contribution regardless of your MAGI. Married couples filing jointly can claim the full deduction so long as neither spouse is covered by a retirement plan at work.
Anyone with earned income can contribute up to $7,000 ($8,000 if age 50 or older) in an IRA in 2024. If less, your taxable income for the year. The $7,000 limit is the total you can contribute to all your traditional or Roth IRAs.
You fund your traditional IRA with pre-tax dollars, and contributions to the account may be tax-deductible. Meanwhile, earnings in the account — things like investment gains, interest or dividends — grow tax-deferred. This means that your retirement savings accumulate tax-free until you withdraw money from the account.
Non-qualified distributions — distributions before the age of 59 and a half — incur a 10% early-withdrawal penalty on top of the normal tax you’d have to pay for withdrawing funds from the account.
Except for life insurance and collectibles, federal law permits most types of investments in a traditional IRA. Allowable investments include:
Though most assets are permissible in an IRA, each IRA custodian determines which investments are made available to customers. Most major banks and brokers limit IRA investment options to traditional assets such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds and ETFs. In some cases, options and futures. To diversify your IRA with alternative investments like crypto, real estate and gold, find a custodian that offers self-directed IRAs.
From allowable investments to mandatory distributions, traditional IRAs have some rules you should know.
You have until April to contribute to an IRA for the previous year. Fund an IRA any time between January 1 and the tax-filing deadline of the following year. For tax year 2024, you have until April 2025 to contribute to an IRA.
Mandatory withdrawals beginning at ages 72 and 73. You must start taking distributions from your traditional IRA the year you turn 72 years old (73 if you reached 72 after December 31, 2022).
Withdrawals before age 59 and a half can be penalized. Unless you qualify for an exception, you’ll have to pay a 10% penalty if you withdraw money from your traditional IRA before you’re 59 and a half. Using funds for a first-time home purchase or for certain qualified higher education or medical expenses are examples of exceptions.
Lastly, the law prohibits investing IRA funds in life insurance and collectibles. Most assets are allowed in an IRA, but life insurance and collectibles are off the table. Examples of collectibles include artwork, antiques and wine.
IRAs at a glance
| Traditional | Roth | SEP (Simplified Employee Pension) | SIMPLE (Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees) | Self-directed | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Who it’s for | You want to deduct your contribution You think you’ll be in a lower-income tax bracket in retirement | You’re under the income limit threshold You think you’ll be in a higher income tax bracket in retirement | Business owners with or without employees who want tax-deductible contributions | Small business owners not currently sponsoring a retirement plan | You want to invest in both traditional and alternative assets |
| Max contribution per year | $7,000 ($8,000 if you’re age 50 or older) | $7,000 ($8,000 if you’re age 50 or older) | Business owners can contribute up to the lesser of $69,000 or 25% of an employee’s salary | Employees can contribute up to $16,000 from their salary Employers are required to match each employee’s elective-deferral contributions, dollar-for-dollar, up to 3% of the employee’s compensation | Contribution limits depend on whether the IRA functions as a traditional, Roth or SEP IRA |
| Are contributions tax-deductible? | Yes, but your eligibility and the amount you can deduct depends on your tax filing status, MAGI and whether you have a workplace retirement plan | No | Yes, employers can deduct the lesser of their contributions or 25% of the employee’s compensation | Not for employees Business owners can deduct all contributions made to an employee’s SIMPLE IRA Sole proprietors can deduct their own salary reduction contributions and their own matching or nonelective contributions | The same tax deduction rules for standard traditional, Roth, SEP and SIMPLE IRAs apply |
Yes, you can have an IRA and a 401(k) and many people do. You can contribute up to each account’s maximum contribution limit each year, though 401(k) contributions can limit how much you can deduct from your traditional IRA.
Here are some reasons why you should have an IRA and a 401(k):
| Response | % of Americans |
|---|---|
| I do not have this, but plan on getting it in the next 6 months | 13% |
| I do not have this nor plan on getting it | 56% |
| I currently have this | 31% |
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